Film Analysis Native People, First Encounters, And The...

Discussion Essay #1 Prompt - Native Peoples, First Encounters, and the Conquest PART I: Film Analysis in relation to readings From the films, 500 Nations: Ancestors, â€Å"Engineering an Empire: Maya† and â€Å"Engineering an Empire: Aztec† they have included examples of urban planning, their advances in agriculture, water management, and Architecture. This has facilitated the growth of the Anasazi, Mississippian Mound Builders, Mayans and the Aztecs. The Anasazi were located in the American southwest in Arizona and New Mexico. Their architecture consisted of stone masonry to build their structures which included the Kiva, where rituals would be conducted by the natives. They also built homes underground to decrease contact from the heat of the†¦show more content†¦In the structures built under him had stones of decreasing height as it was being built up. The Mayans had a number system which uncluded the number 0. Their math surpassed of the Greeks. They aso used the Square Root of the triangles a Geometry to build their temples with symm etry. El Caracol, which was an observatory of Mayan civilization which was built to observe Venus. This also allowed to make a calendar which was the most accurate in its time. The Mayans discovered how to utilize water pressure to bring in water into their cities. This hasn t been seen until the Spaniards brought the idea back home to Spain. They built fountains, pools, etc. Water would come into homes to supply the citizens (Engineering an Empire: Maya). The Aztecs appeared around 1325 AD near modern day Mexico City. It was founded as Tenochtitlan. They also built multiple pyramids one of which was the Pyramid of the Sun. Lime plaster was used for the walls. Today it is still as strong as concrete used in construction. On the temples they would have human sacrifices to satisfy their Gods which was also used for terror. They built aqueducts three miles long which filled fountains and reservoirs. Because of this technology, the Aztecs led in hygiene over Europe. They had a botanical garden which was watered by the aqueduct as well. The Aztecs fought against water, so an engineer was brought to find a way to avoid water to fill theShow MoreRelatedEasy Rider and the Phenomenon of the 1960s Counterculture Teenpic3130 Words   |  13 Pagesto highlight the phenomenon in cinema known as the counterculture youth-pic. This trend in production started in the late 1960s as a result of the economic and cultural influences on the film industry of that time. The following essay looks at how those influences helped to shape a new genre in the film industry, sighting Easy Rider as a main example, and suggests some possible reasons for the relatively short popularity of the genre. The standard story of the counterculture begins withRead MoreCounter-Culture Youth Pic Essay3079 Words   |  13 Pagesattempt to highlight the phenomenon in cinema known as the â€Å"counterculture youth-pic.† This trend in production started in the late 1960’s as a result of the economic and cultural influences on the film industry of that time. The following essay looks at how those influences helped to shape a new genre in the film industry, sighting Easy Rider as a main example, and suggests some possible reasons for the relatively short popularity of the genre. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"The standard story of theRead MoreSexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers French Indochina and the Lover2642 Words   |  11 PagesAnn Laura Stoler. The first essay, â€Å"Race and the Education of Desire†, Foucault’s history of sexuality discusses class, race and desire in terms of family and state regulations which are identified as the moral [bourgeois] code in the colonial context of Indochina. The second essay, Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers, European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia is focused on the construction of colonial categories in relation to people belonging to variousRead More Columbus and the New World Discovery Essay4487 Words   |  18 PagesColumbus and the New World Discovery October 12, 1992, marks the five-hundredth anniversary of the most crucial of all encounters between Europe and the Americas. In the contemporary global mood, however, the quincentennial of Christopher Columbuss landing in the New World - new, anyway, to the European intruders; old and familiar to its inhabitants - seems an occasion less for celebration than for mediation. Indeed, in some quarters the call is for penitence and remorse. Christopher ColumbusRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescentury. And the reunification of Germany and the reemergence of international terrorism, which were powerfully symptomatic of the unprecedented reach and intensity of the processes of globalization on either side of the otherwise unremarkable last and first years of the old and new millennia, represented both a return to trends reminiscent of the opening decades of the twentieth century and a major break from the prevailing dynamics of the cold war. In addition to the problems posed for conceptualizingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial CharacteristicsRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesfollowing classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of Cases by Major Marketing Topics Topics Most Relevant Cases Marketing Research and Consumer Analysis Coca-Cola, Disney, McDonald’s, Google, Starbucks Product Starbucks, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, McDonald’s, Maytag, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Newell Rubbermaid, DaimlerChrysler, Kmart/Sears, Harley-Davidson, Boeing/Airbus, Merck, Boston Beer, Firestone/FordRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagesback t o 1966, when he joined the BBC’s weekly science show, Tomorrow’s World. As the chief BBC correspondent for all Apollo space flights, Burke won critical acclaim for his interpretation of the US space program to an audience of over 12 million people. During this time he developed and presented a variety of documentaries, and in 1972 he became the host of his own weekly prime-time science series, The Burke Special. The programs earned for Burke a Royal Television Society Silver Medal in 1972 andRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagesback t o 1966, when he joined the BBC’s weekly science show, Tomorrow’s World. As the chief BBC correspondent for all Apollo space flights, Burke won critical acclaim for his interpretation of the US space program to an audience of over 12 million people. During this time he developed and presented a variety of documentaries, and in 1972 he became the host of his own weekly prime-time science series, The Burke Special. The programs earned for Burke a Royal Television Society Silver Medal in 1972 and

Student Observation Report Essay - 1012 Words

Confidential The names in this Observation Report have been changed to protect the privacy of the parents and the child. Student’s Name : Calvin Sex : Male Place of Observation : Inside the classroom of County Preschool. Time of Observation : In the morning, 10.30 a.m. and it was a sunny day. General View : †¢ The classroom was pretty well organized ( clean, tidy and many facilities inside such as books, games, a computer and so on ) †¢ It was a pretty large group in the class, 13 children were there and the teacher was present as well. †¢ It was an engaged class, where the students were actively engaged in learning. Activities Observed : †¢ Class discussion †¢ Individual seat work Other†¦show more content†¦Comment Erikson tells us that for the children this age, it is a time for play not for formal education. Aspect: Social / Emotional Observation The boy did not want to share controlling the ‘mouse‘ with his peer. Comment Erikson tells us children in the intuitive phase (4 to 7 years) like him has a tendency to focus attention on one aspect of object while ignoring others. Aspect: Cognitive Observation I tried to influence the boy so that he wants to share controlling the ‘mouse‘ with his peer. Comment Piaget tells us that the children in the preoperational stage (2 to 7 years) are unaware of another person’s perspective. They exhibit egocentric thought. Aspect: Social / Emotional Observation The boy interacted with his peer about the letters. Comment The Kennedy Krieger Institute tells us that the children this age enjoy friendships, but these are generally one way friendships. Aspect: Motor / Sensory Skill The boy left the computer and moved to play puzzle. Comment The Kennedy Krieger Institute again tells us in its Developmental Milestones that the children this age can put together multi piece puzzles. Aspect: Health / Physical Observation I saw the boy losing some of his teeth. Comment According to The Kennedy Krieger Institute, the children 4 to 6 years old begin to loose their primary teeth andShow MoreRelatedHow The School Collects Data Measure Overall Organizational Performance883 Words   |  4 Pagesto consider before starting to collect data. When the school collects data, the school has to observe confidentiality. Therefore, when reporting data, it is important not to reveal students private information and only report on groups large enough to make it impossible to identify individuals. The school reports on groups that are twenty or more people and follows the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). The school seeks permission from the administration and parents, where appropriateRead MoreProfessional Development Training Framework For Students1343 Words   |  6 Pagesindependent school teachers, community leaders and parents. Our goal is to provide seamless support on an ongoing basis to ensure the success of WRiTE BRAiN in your school or program. Our educational services are customized to the needs of your class and students. We offer an innovative, easily implemented curricula and professional development program to sustain and inspire educators throughout the authoring process. Our trainings include a hands-on, interactive overview of the WRiTE BRAiN BOOKS programRead MoreThe Impact Of Formative Assessments On Standardized And High Stakes Tests Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagesassessments allow teachers to give feedback to students about their strengths and weaknesses (Tovani, 2011). According to Lang et. al (2008), educators initiated the use of the formative assessment process to make predictions about students’ outcomes on standardized or high-stakes tests. Lang, et al (2008) also contended the conception of formative assessments began when teachers and administrators started seeking new strategies in effort to improve students’ performance. The state of Missouri uses formativeRead MoreEvaluation Questions On The School873 Words   |  4 Pagesto consider before starting to collect data. When the school collects data, the school has to observe confidentiality. Therefore, when reporting data, it is important not to reveal students private information and only report on groups large enough to make it impossible to identify individuals. The school reports on groups that are twenty or more people and follows the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). The school seeks permission from the administration and parents, where appropriateRead MoreCollege Students Do Not Enjoy Writing892 Words   |  4 PagesMany college students do not enjoy writing. They look at writing as a trivial task that is required in courses that are within the field of study of English and liberal arts. However, writing is essential to all fields of study, whether big or small. This isn’t known to all college students; they neglect to see the aspects of writing in their particular field of study before pursuing it. I am familiar with this problem. I began my college journey as a pre-Business Administration student. I had no ideaRead MoreCommunity School Team Members Effectively Executing The Mission And Implementing Goals1584 Wor ds   |  7 Pagesprofessional development hours and topics provided to staff. Most of this information will be obtained during site visits in the fall and spring. Most of the documents required are also listed in the observation checklist that evaluators should request during their site visits (Appendix E). The observation checklist was created to support a comparable funding stream 21CCLC. This list was created by the 21CCLC Grant Management Team based on the New York State Education Department site monitoring formRead MoreProgress of My Field Study1404 Words   |  6 PagesThis short report is the progress of my field study. The report is consists of several sections, includes: Research Participants, ethics, data generation, initial finding, further data generation and reflection. A. Research Participants I selected three schools among all the schools proposed by my key contacts, using a non probability sampling technique called purposive sampling strategy. The reason I choose purposive sampling is because the bureaucratic process for conducting research in schoolsRead MoreIntervention : Overview On The Classroom1439 Words   |  6 Pagesthe prek classroom is to set up clear rules for the student to follow. With this the teacher and I will start to award treats for behaving in the class-room. Example of this is a piece of candy or a sticker. Other things that I will start trying tin the classroom is to focus more on good behavior and not on the negative behavior that we see in the classroom. Instead of continuously saying what they are doing is wrong we trying to see what the student are doing right to encourage them to continue doingRead MoreClassroom Observation. The Fundamental Of Classroom Observation1393 Words   |  6 PagesClassroom observation The fundamental of classroom observation is to evaluate teachers’ instruction performance during classes by using assigned observers and evaluation tools (Gallagher et al, 2011; Learning Point Associates, 2010). In order to observe the teacher performance, core components of teacher effectiveness should be used for designing criteria of rubrics or checklists, such as the quality of demonstrating content knowledge, communicating with students, and classroom management skillsRead MoreClinical Supervision Cycle1666 Words   |  7 Pagesevery teacher can improve in some area. The administrator’s goal for observations should be to build a relationship with each member of the faculty so that offers of advice and ideas on how to improve in areas where refinement is needed can be given in a way that is comfortable for both parties. I chose to observe someone that teaches in close proximity to me, both personally and physically. This teacher, who will in this report called Ms. Merry, has been teaching for over 20 years and has looped

My Nephew Vinnie Free Essays

My nephew Vinnie is someone special who is a very important little person in my life. He is the oldest child of my older brother’s four children and was the first kid to make me an uncle. I can remember when he was born it made me so excited about being a first time uncle. We will write a custom essay sample on My Nephew Vinnie or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is pushing eight years old and is a very well mannered boy. There are times where I’ve helped him with school, gave him advice, or just listened to him cry when no one else would. He always helps me by cheering me up when I’m not in the greatest mood. He is super talented and has a ton of skill and potential. When he’s not taking care of his three wild younger siblings he is winning baseball championships, playing video games, riding his dirt bike, practicing karate, or studying for school. In many ways Vinnie has inspired me to be a better person and reminds me to sometimes look at things from a different perspective. Vinnie is fearless, athletic, honest, smart, goodhearted, dependable, and one of the coolest kids I’ve ever met. He is such an adorable kid with his dad’s big blue eyes and his mom’s dark hair. Vinnie has no problem talking to girls and is far from being a shy guy. I have seen him at school around the other kids and he is always being chased around by the young girls. For his age he is really strong and a little bit bigger than the other kids his age. He makes friends easily and is always spending time with them running around the neighborhood and playing at the school across the street. Whenever I go to surprise visit him he excitedly jumps in my arms and says â€Å"Uncle Mike!†. He really loves when I come to his house in Crystal Lake to visit. I’m proud of him because he is always winning his little league games and getting awarded the MVP for his team. I’ve been to all of his games and I love to watch him play along with the rest of my family. He is a leader among his teammates and always has a gleaming positive attitude motivating them to do better. For a little eight year old surprisingly he already knows what he wants to be when he grows up. He wants to be a shark studying marine biologist, and he is fascinated with big fish and watching documentaries on catching them. He is very competitive in any and everything that he does. His colorful personality is very loud and in your face, because he always wants to win and impress the people around him. I’m always impressed by the things he does and he makes me happy whenever we hang out together. How to cite My Nephew Vinnie, Papers

Heinrich Heine life and works Essay Example For Students

Heinrich Heine life and works Essay This poet, who was born in Dà »sseldof, Dec. 12, 1799, and who died in Paris, Feb. 17, 1856, has excited almost as much interest in the literary, circles of France as Madame Dudevant herself. This may be partly accounted for by his marvellous facility in handling the French. His De PAllemagne, Lulà ¨te, and Poà ¨mes et Là ©gendes, were all written in that language, having been published fn Paris in 1856, and his La Frame, a year after his death, in 1857. An excellent translation of his Reisebilder (Travelling Sketches), by Gautier, was given to the Parisian vfrorld of letters in the preceding year. In Germany bis death opened an out- let for a perfect tornado of comments. A life of him by Meissner, was no sooner published in Leipsic, in 1856, when another life by Schmidt-Weissenfels, makes its appearance in Berlin, in 1857; while a Satire, entitled Heinds HoHenfahrt (Heine’s Journey to Hell), was published in Hanover, in 1856, passing through several editions, a counter-satire, entitled Heinds Himmelfakrt (Heine’s Journey to Heaven), making its appearance at Treves, in 1857. In England, too, his writings and life have been frequently dis- cussed in the leading periodicals and reviews; in this country several of his poems have been translated, and are favorites with a considerable class of readers; his most enthusiastic admirers are to be sought among the popular contemporary writers of Russia. The nniversality of fame and the sesthetical tendency of Heine’s genius entitle him to our attention. The interest excited by bis writings, especially by bis poems of nature, arises in a great measure from their intense reflection of the author’s idiosyncrasies. His writings reveal most exquisite touches of pathos, tenderness, and humor, and are no less remarkable for the keenest wit, its only qualification being its sensual spirit. Jerusalem, which has given so many lofty men to tho modern world, delights occasionally in presenting it with some specimens of most eccentric genius. As a foil to Spinoza, we see Paris endowed with the witty Heine; and as a relief to Neander, London is honored with a visitation in the shape of Disraeli. Honor to old Jerusalem I There is a charm in variety. After the substantial bulwarks of sublime philosophy, we enjoy the delicato phantoms of fancy and sentiment which will grow upon the soil of philosophy, like moss upon a rock. After tho heavy potations of stern theology, we welcome the brilliant buoyancy of natural feeling. Heiue was a strange contradiction. There was a mixture of the sweet and the acid about him which fascinated while it puzzled. He was emphatically an overpowering Mepblstopheles, with sufficient ideality to take our thoughts captivo, and yet demoniacal enough to plungo us into the flames of Tartarus in order to enjoy the shock to our sensibility. We would not point out Heine as a guide or companion to minds of any class; be is simply an intellectual phenomenon, scattering pearls of thought that turn to ashes at the touch; he is sparkling and brilliant, and his genius gives light as long ns wo gaze upon its corusca tions, bat tbe source of its brilliancy is much like that of the blackened stick that holds up fireworks until the explosion t(akes place, after we hare heard the report there is nothing left but darkness. Heine was, on the whole, one of the few men whose inner life was in complete harmony with his outward life; how- ever corrupt Heine might be, he was honest; his whole indivi- duality was so transparent that tbe cynicism of tbe man was as palpable as the interesting source from which it originated. This source is to be sought for in the tendencies of his race. Full of imperfections himself, he yet strove to find ideals of perfection in men and things, and was fretted when he coaid not succeed. A bundle of contradictions and inconsistencies, he yet delighted in persons, associations, and things replete with the finest harmonies, and was, of coarse, disgasted at every new disappointment; he loved every one for what he might be, and hated every one for what he was. Thus every day brought its fresh sting, every thought its arrià ¨re- pensà ©e; with one hand he would caress a friend for his pleasant features, and with the other would choke him for his weaknesses. .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd , .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd .postImageUrl , .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd , .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd:hover , .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd:visited , .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd:active { border:0!important; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd:active , .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucdac6cd2d6d5f32649b58c26726a09dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music of Life EssayUnfortunately, Heine had a rich unde, Solomon Heine, of Hamburg, who, as usual, gave him money as he wanted it. If he had been compelled to work for his living, the excessive vitality of bis imagination might have been sobered down, chasteued, and disciplined by struggling for existence, and by regular, steady, application. But as it was, there was nothing to curb his unruly Asiatic nature, and against the conventionalities and accidents of life, it beat like Byron’s wild-born falcon against its cage.† We saw him in Paris about ten years ago. Although bowed down by constant and painful physical suffering, he was still the same interesting H eine—probably one of tbe best conversationalists who ever lived; thinking, as it were, aloud, intuitively catching unspoken thoughts of other minds, and meeting them with marvellous spontaneity; always suiting his expressions to his mood, in turns wise, witty, pathetic, sarcastic, angry, and lovely, but always graceful and elegant, and with an aristocratic flavor about every movement and attitude, which made one think that he was a lineal descendant of King David or Solomon, and that none of the Chatham St. and Rialto Ghetto blood of later limes had been mixed up with his gentle lineage. Perpetually haunted by a nightmare of perfection and unity in heaven, earth, man, woman, nature, society, politics, religion, science, literature, and art, he was at loggerheads with everybody and everything His conversation, as well as his writings, wore always supported by this semi-oesthe- tical, semi-skeptical background. Ashamed to parade his imagination at tho oxpense of his common sente, he turned harlequin, becauto he lacked the courage to be a hero, and amused himself in playlug the cynic and the misanthropist, lest others might derive amusement from bis assumption of the character of a true lover of the good and the holy. With a keen senso of the ridiculous, be loved as much to detect as be feared to provoke it, and with an euthusiasttc perception of the sublime, he sedalonsljr repressed noble emotions, and eagerly derided them when expressed by others. Yet, as usual, the world discovered the very sins and virtaes which he jealously strove to conceal, and nothing was more amusing than to see Heines ladicrons air of consternation when spoken of as a philanthropist. This he looked npon as a libel, and to exonerate himself from the charge, he forthwith says or pens some overwhelming infidelity, and those who hear or read this, and this alone, execrate the man, and consign him to the depths of perdition. Had Heine been thrown into a new coantry, upon the virgin soil of some of oar Western territories, or In South America, his natnre would soon have been cared of the conceits and deceptions which held it captive in the Old World. But, unable to rise above the accidents and prejudices of society, be was crushed by its wheels, and because silly men and women trifle with grave and noble aspirations, he warred against these aspirations, instead of warring against their defamers; he prostituted his intellect to win the regard of fools. Born among the Jews, he soon learned to detest them; but no sooner bad he become a convert to Christianity, when he found that Christians were only Jews in disguise, and not even Jews of tbe highest order. Hear bis reason for embracing Christianity—that Rothschild might not address him respectfully. He now ceased to dabble in religion, and wrote successively on politics, literature, and on bis travels, all his productions showing great acuteness, but great narrowness of mind. Unable to see that the ideals which haunted him are only developed gradually, not soddenly, he frequently found fault because he lacked the grasp of thought to compre- hend. In transient effect was more to him than an abiding cause, and he became one of the parasites of literature on many occasions when he was more ambitious to write something smart than something true. Ð ¢esti, of whatever kind, U only fact or reality. But in a multitude of Instances, mankind are mnoh fonder of fiotion than of reality; all false sentiments being so many fictions or fancies in pUoo of facts. One reason may be, that there la often considerable difficulty in arriving at facta, bnt little or none In taking up with some vague or apparent semblanoea.— Cluloi*. .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e , .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e .postImageUrl , .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e , .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e:hover , .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e:visited , .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e:active { border:0!important; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e:active , .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf221a17d1f52a098306f82d6fda5166e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare and Contrast a Life Raft, an Island, and Earth EssayWith some persons, a sufficient inducement to eepouae a sentiment, is its almost unanimous rejection by others; and a satisfactory motive for oontinuance In error, Is it| thorough confutation. If suob worthies over listen to reason, It is after the model of Croaker in the â€Å" Gorftl-natnrod Man, who declared his readiness to do so whenever bis mind was made up, as reasons, quoth he, oould thei^do no harm.—Clubs*. A BKAtmrcL child, I have often thought, ia the only living thing that oould bear to bo transformed alive to heaven. If nature hed made me e peinter, I oertsinly think thet I should have devoted myaslf to tba portraiture of children.—Campbell. Tortca of conversetlon among the multitude are generally persona—eoiuctlmaa things—ami scarcely evtr principles.— Clulo*.

The setting of a story makes up most of the plot. Essay Example For Students

The setting of a story makes up most of the plot. Essay The environment influences the characters and how they act. The setting of The Lord of the Flies takes place on an island in the middle of nowhere. This story is about a group of kids that get trapped on an island after a plane crash. There are no adults with them because they all died from the crash. William Golding made this the setting to make the plot of the story more interesting. A reason that Golding uses an island as the setting because he wants a group of kids all by themselves with no adult supervision. He wanted to show what kids would do without adults around. The lifestyles of the kids will be changed because of the environment that they have to live in. An example of this is when Ralph decided to run around naked. He doesnt want adults controlling their actions because it would ruin the point he is trying to make. We will write a custom essay on The setting of a story makes up most of the plot. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Golding also made the setting on an island because he wants the children to create their own culture and society. It will show their own type of government on the island and will give responsibilities to each of the characters. The type of government will shape their behaviors and the respect from the others. Their rules of civilization change the way people feel about each other. For example, Jack does not like Ralph because Ralph is the leader of the group and makes the decisions, but Jack doesnt like the way Ralph leads them. Another reason Golding put the setting on an island is that the environment is different from the conditions that theyre used to. The environment and vegetation of the island is a big influence on their daily life. Their life basically revolves around the things that live and grow on the island. They need to be responsible and caring enough not to abuse their resources. They also need to make smart decisions, so that it doesnt get destroyed. For example, the littluns would just use the bathroom anywhere they want and make the island dirty and smelly. Another example is when the characters would just make bon fires wherever they want, without even caring what forest fire they can create. The setting on the island greatly affects the point that Golding is trying to make. It also makes the story more interesting and puts excitement into the plot. The characters way of life is changed because the environment and the absence of adult supervision.

Enders Game Essay Example

Enders Game Essay Example Enders Game Essay Enders Game Essay Essay Topic: Enders Game The basic tool for the use of world is the use of words. If you can command the significance of words. you can command the people who must utilize the words. -Philip K. Dick In the fresh Enders Game the writer Orson Scott Card shows us a complete different universe than we are used to. Set into the hereafter. the universe has merely recovered from a desolation foreign war that was won by a good luck of fortune by our soldiers. Although this clip we will strike back. in readying for the approaching Bugger war the universes smartest kids get drafted to fall in the conflict school plan set in infinite to larn combat signifier an early age. One of these childs happened to be Andrew Ender Wiggin. the six twelvemonth old was stripped of his childhood. taken away from his household and sent to conflict school. All his life Ender has utmost force per unit area on him because six twelvemonth old Ender was meant to salvage the universe. Throughout the fresh Orson Scott Card blurs the thin line between visual aspect and world. through the construct of games two different illustrations of this are Enders corsets at Battle School and so once more at Command School. t hroughout both Ender was invariably played and manipulated for the greater good . While at Battle School Ender was objected to isolation. due to the green-eyed monster of the other kids. Ender grew accustomed to the ill will and tried to non allow it trouble oneself him every bit much as he could. In the private survey clip given to the kid soldiers they were free to make what they wished. Not holding many friends and non happening the surveies excessively disputing Ender would play the games on the Battles School’s plan. Ender rapidly became engorged in a function drama game called the Giants Drink. This game was deemed impossible but Ender became obsessed with it and reached degrees no 1 had of all time seen earlier. Ender could non stand to lose at anything so he went to any extreme needed to further him in the game. Ender was to ever retrieve the inside informations of this game. because to finish the degree clip and clip once more Ender had to play maliciously and wickedly. he had to play as a liquidator and a deceiver all the qualities reminding him of his brother. Peter who Ender despised and wished to neer turn into. Subsequently on into the fresh Ender is told to seek for new planets to colonise. While on his mission to happen new planets to populate Ender lurchs upon a works that seemed to experience a small excessively familiar holding an eldritch resemblance to the landscape and construction of the works of his childhood base on balls clip game. The Giants Drink. Merely to detect this planet was created for him as a agency of communicating by the Buggers . He had played here excessively many times as a kid non to cognize this topographic point. But it was non possible. The computing machine in the Battle School could non hold perchance seen this place A game signifier his yesteryear. what he though was mere pulp of pels and artworks turned out to go a world. Orson Scott Card made us believe throughout the novel that The Giants Drink was merely a game. Whereas it was really ever a secret topographic point merely Ender had of all time visited. doing it perfect to utilize as a secret agency of communicating. Orson Scott Card pushed us beyond what we thought was quite undistinguished and made it more or less one of the most of import event to take topographic point in the novel. By non lodging to convention and traveling above and beyond doing us believe more about how what was merely a game turned into world. Furthermore while at Battle School all the solider had to take part in Battles once more each other. These Battles were frequently the high spots of these children’s yearss. when Ender became a commanding officer and got his ain ground forces to develop for these make-believe Battles. He rapidly learned that he was neer traveling to be treated just and that all odd will ever be stacked against him ever seeking to get the better of him. Time and clip once more Ender won the Battles he took portion it. holding a perfect win run. This infuriated many and Ender made many enemies. even the instructors seemed to be against Ender give him multiple conflicts a twenty-four hours and besides giving him two ground forcess as oppositions alternatively of the usual 1. All his life Ender was isolated and treated below the belt so none of this was new to Ender. Whatever state of affairs was thrown at him Ender came out at top because of his intelligence. natural born leading and longing to win. Although these conflicts seemed to be merely a game to rupture apart the kids the accomplishments learned in this game could be the difference between life and decease. one time once more confounding us about what is the semblance in it all. Ender graduated through the Battle School plan faster than anyone and got transferred to the following measure. Command School. The first small piece in Command School was spent in complete isolation. it was more awful than Battle School which Ender idea was non possible one time once more merely being left with the company of the games they offered. After a twelvemonth of complete privacy Ender meet with his wise man. instructor. friend and enemy Mazer Rackmen. the adult male who was responsible for salvaging the human race from the 2nd Bugger invasion. Mazer was the lone individual Ender of all time got a opportunity to be with. Together they went through anything and everything that could perchance be an assistance to Ender when the Buggers onslaught. Mazer got Ender to play the simulator games once more but now in a complete different manner. it was no longer a one adult male game. Ender verses The Computer but now it was Ender Commanding different squadron leaders. The leaders which turned out to be the little group of friends Ender had accumulated over his stay at the Battle School. Together they worked surprisingly. utilizing Enders intelligence and great leading accomplishments. With Enders despair to ever win they ever came out of conflicts winning. he may hold lost his friends in the procedure of going this astonishing leader but he gained their complete esteem and regard. Closer to the terminal of this novel. Mazer gives Ender his concluding scrutiny. being ill of it all Ender merely wanted to stop it every bit shortly as he could. Not into it at all Ender plays half-heartedly in the bigining. when being faced with his challenge Ender steps it up cognizing he was one time once more put for failure. Not desiring the instructors to hold the satisfaction of One Uping Ender he plays in a manner he hates. as a darnel but it seems to once once more be the lone manner to win in these games. After crushing his concluding examiniation Ender finds out all of the simulations he played with his squadron leaders were non games but they were they existent Bugger war which Ender had fought and won without even cognizing what her was making. You made the difficult pick. male child. All or nil. End them or stop is. But heaven knows there was no other manner you could hold making it. Congratulations. You beat them. and it’s all over. Real. Not a game. Enders head was excessively tired to get by with it all. Absent mindedly Ender has annihilated a whole species. doing him a liquidator. Thinking he was playing a game Ender had fought a galactic war. Once once more Orson Scott Card hazes the thin line between your visual aspects and your worlds. What Ender thought was a game was a life or decease state of affairs. If Ender would hold listened to his bosom and lose the last game. he could hold saved an intelligent species. but we neer know our results until our determinations have been played out and it is excessively late to alter our head. Orson Scott Card highlighted the fact that every small thing in someone’s life makes a immense impact. As insignificant as it may look everything has a intent. If Ender had non played these games to win the Buggers could really good be alive and non cognizing their purposes. allowing them unrecorded was excessively large a hazard. All throughout his life Ender had been played with. an object of changeless use and head games. Battle and Command School were no different than Earth in this facet. On Earth Ender was bullied and pull strings into making what he wants by Enders evil older brother Peter. piece at Battle School. Colonel Graff the caput decision maker neer failed to lie to Ender. merely tell him half the truth and to boot pull strings him. When Ender got to his last preparation plan Command School Ender was manipulated and lied to in a manner he could non even get down to conceive of Of class we tricked you into it. That’s the whole point. At the terminal Colonel Graff even admits that all the use. prevarications and ill will towards Ender was a portion of his and Mazer Rackmens program. Ender holding been lied to and convey back to his homicidal side. the portion of him he hated the most. Ender was ferocious and could non bear to look at anyone and went back to his room. Orson Scott Cards showed us that it’s better to non swear anyone. What you think is truly go oning might merely non truly be go oning and that you should ever maintain a cheque on your world verses your semblances. Throughout the fresh Orson Scott Card blurs the thin line between visual aspect and world. through the construct of games . At times it is rather hard to hold on your visual aspects verses your worlds because you get excessively caught up in the small things that you forget to halt and look at the bigger image. Merely if you look at your life from a impersonal position will you be able to state what is truly go oning and what is a fragment of your imaginativeness. Orson Scott Card illustrated this point surprisingly throughout this novel.

Chinese landscape painting between pre-20th century and modern time Essay

Chinese landscape painting between pre-20th century and modern time - Essay Example The essay "Chinese landscape painting between pre-20th century and modern time" analyzes Chinese landscape painting. However, similarity exists in the painting displayed in the 20th century and the 21st century. The similarity in the Chinese painting is based on the focus of the artists which largely was on the landscape and the nature environment. The focus of the Chinese artist or painters was not only to capture the issues displayed by the landscape, but to also capture the essence of the energy. Chinese art was based in the teaching of the Ying-Yeng which is viewed as the source of energy. Even in the landscape paintings the focus was on the essence of energy. The successful western artistic movements cannot be replicated in the Chinese art because the Chinese art and painting were not based on movement or similarity but based on the view of the individual artists. Therefore, when focusing on the Chinese landscape painting, it is vital to understand the similarities and differenc es of the modern and the 20th century landscape paintings in terms of material and the focus of the painting. In Maoism china, the focus was on oil based painting which is different from the traditional ink based painting. Oil based painting was a feature associated with the western world especially the Europe countries with the focus being on the view of the artist. The Chinese art did not follow the feminism approach are era experienced in the western art but focused on the conservatism presented by the Chinese culture.

Reduce Stress in Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reduce Stress in Life - Essay Example For each one of us, there are many things in our lives, which can cause stress on a daily basis. For example, not enough time in the day to deal with personal issues and work or needing to find another higher paying job to afford our endless bills ( www.helpguide.org, 2014). In my case, working full-time while attending school full-time, also being 9 months pregnant and not to mention the frustration of being the first time, mom. It is difficult to measure stress but some behaviors are associated with stress. These behaviors include lack or excessive sleep, eating disorders, substance abuse among others. The response to stress may vary from one person to the other. I deal with stressful situations by eating. This is combined with the fact that I am pregnant. This has resulted in gaining weight something I hope to deal with now that I have a child. Dealing with stress will involve taking some time off my school schedule and spend this time with family and friends. Hobbies are a way of reducing stress levels and I am working towards doing the things I love. This may include dance lessons or music lessons. This will also help me to reduce the weight I have gained. Everything is done in moderation and a little pressure often does better than harm. (Kaplowitz, 2012).However, I do not believe that a stress-free life is possible and realistic. Stress is a response to the challenges we face in life that occur around us and many of these challenges cannot be avoided.

JFKs assassination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

JFKs assassination - Essay Example The successor of JFK Lyndon B. Johnson suffered a credibility gap as illustrated in the polls. That showed that Americans no longer trusted their government due to other evils happening around the same time such as Vietnam War, assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Junior,and the unfolding Watergate scandal preceding years of malaise. The death of the lone gunman Lee Harvey Oswald dispelled shock and confusion during an abortive transfer by strip club operator Jack Ruby. President Johnson instituted the Warren Commission to unravel the mysterious death of JFK. It became as one of the most vilified investigation panel in American history due to conspiracy and cover up. Hawken investigates that Lee Harvey Oswald is the likely assailant linked to the death of JFK. Prior to the death of JFK, Oswald was a Marine that worked as a radar operator based at U-2 spy plane. Once he left the Marines, he went to Russia where he interacted with KGB operatives. He lived an extravagant lifestyle probably due to crucial information he passed to the Soviets concerning U-2 spy operatives. In reality, Oswald was working for the CIA while smokescreen as a traitor to America. Warren affirms that Lee Harvey Oswald fired the shots that killed JFK from the building’s southeastern sixth-floor window. That is the same evidence depicted by Dallas Police Department, FBI, and Texas School Book Depository employee. Conspirators’ theories posit Oswald as a lone gunman in the league of other plotters that fail to gain foothold in the popular imagination of the likelihood of having another gunman. A Philadelphia attorney observes confusion, shock, and pandemonium at the crime scene amidst sensory assaults of wailing sirens, roaring motorcycles, and animated throng cheering the arrival of the President. Skeptics stress on the eyewitnesses reports that seem to contradict the official conclusion. Several witnesses claim of hearing four shots while the Warren report cites of three

Catalonia: History of Independence

Catalonia: History of Independence 1.0 Abstract Catalonia is a historically supressed region within Spain. After 1975, when the dictator Francisco Franco died it allowed for a new democratic Spain. This has resurfaced Catalan Nationalism. Most recently the Catalan region has called for a legal referendum in 2017, as the one held in 2014 was deemed illegal. Democracy takes priority within the region which has created increased tensions and potential for violence. The report showed there has been an increase in violence and that the governance and future threats are key concerns. The report highlights the grievances within the region, that have been accumulating. 2.0 Introduction   Europe is experiencing modern day separatism, with currently over 25 active separatist movements. Spain is the most divided ‘nation’ within Europe having experienced the most civil wars of any country. Catalonia is the most profitable region in the north west of Spain making around 20 billion a year (BBC news 2013). They have recently called for another referendum in 2017 after having achieved an attendance rate during the last referendum in 2014 from the population of 30% of the 7.5 million. The polls from 2014 gaged an opinion that is in favour of independence for the region. The poll was deemed illegal by the Spanish government, which resulted in Arthur mass, Catalonia’s president, being arrested and numerous other legal cases against the Catalan politicians (The Guardian 2016). The protests, so far, have been peaceful however it has been assumed that this may not continue as an emergence of separatism could continue as theorised based upon the past and become violent. Many other places such as Scotland, who are allied in methods with Catalonia, called for a referendum in 2014 with a concluding vote of no and to stay within the United Kingdom (The financial times 2014) Most recently with 2016 the United Kingdom parted with the European union, in an event termed Brexit. The votes for Brexit were broken up into regions, Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to stay within the European union which has resurfacing a call for a referendum from Scotland to be held in 2017. Within Northern Ireland the vote has caused talks around a united Ireland or for Northern Ireland to become independent. With the success of Brexit, the European union is not being presented in a positively. Within this report the tern nation is going to be examined within theoretical and historical contexts to better understand the separatist movement within Catalonia. A field based analysis was conducted to gather the opinions of the Catalan population on the notion of independence and whether they think it will be obtained peacefully. 3.0 Research context To understand the current situation within Catalonia its place within theories must be examined. Nationalism is defined as a political programme. It consists of groups of people who define as nations who form territorial states that have a single language (Hobshawm and Kertzer, 1992). Renan in (1882) said within his speech that a nation was â€Å"a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours†. This nation joins biographies to have one common historical narrative (Calhoun 1993).   Nations and nationalism can be a complex definition with many theories on how it happens. Benedict Anderson (1983) differs in views with many scholars by seeing nationalism as an â€Å"imaginary political community†. He states that Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined Ernest Gellner (1983) said that â€Å"nationalism is primarily a political principle that holds the political and the national unit should be congruent†. Gellner believes that nationalism was something that the modern world needed sociologically and mainly focuses on modernisation and industrialisation. Anthony smith was a critic of Gellner saying that he had misread the relationship that is between industrialisation and nationalism (Smith 1989). Smith (1989) is quotes to say that â€Å"the modern world had become inconceivable and unintelligible without nations and nationalism† Bruielly (1982) shows more of an academic approach and states that when intellectuals or professionals miss out on important career opportunities this may lead to a rise in national ideology. Nationalism to him is portrayed through intellectuals as unsuccessful professionals. This is like Kedourie’s theory about indigenous intellectuals in colonial societies and how they too turned to nationalism. The abundance of intellectuals and inability for society to find them suitable roles may explain why they turn to nationalism. (Kedourie 1960)   Nairn (1977) however, approaches nationalism in a study from a Marxist perspective. He considers nationalism to be a bourgeois phenomenon which can be seen to be a product of the disparities within capitalism (Nairn 1977). The continuation of nationalism is linked with the interests of the bourgeois (Anderson 2006). Focusing on Europe, Woodrow Wilson’s had a large impact on the Versailles Peace Conference that began outside of Paris in 1919. He had a plan to divide Europe it into ethnic-linguistic territorial states. The project was impracticable as well as dangerous, the cost of this feat would have been mass expulsion and genocide (Hobshawm 1992). However, a nation cannot be born they’re made in response to international incentive and power policies (Fearon 2004). Nationalism has been the source of anxiety and conflict in European history (Coppieters 2010). Borgen (2010) states that there were currently twenty to twenty-five separatist movements across the continent. The movements may be based upon cultural and political issues and the majority are non-violent. Separatism is mainly linked to nationalism and their ideologies. There have been two consecutive waves of separatism. In the 1950’s the first separatist movement began with the decolonisation of the world, this questioned the legitimacy of boundaries that establish under colonialism. This was closely followed by the second which happened at the end of the cold war in the 1960s toward the beginning of democratisation in the 1980 and 1990’s. The second wave was surrounded by the suppression of people’s rights and liberties under the communist regimes (Schaeffer 1998, Agnew 2001). Recent separatist movements like that in Yugoslavia from 1991- 2001 were driven by the common notion of an economic disparity. This movement was against the state as they failed to deal with this, however there was also territorial divisions within the state that showed internal colonialism based upon ethnicity and nationality (Agnew 2001) Guibernau (2000) sees nation states as a cluster of institutions that are defined and governed by the state. Stateless nations can enjoy cultural or political autonomy based upon the state’s decision. In most cases within a region that is trying to be separate their nation, the political issues that have arisen are based upon previous governmental experiences of nation building. States and nations that are trying to establish are understood to be real communities with enduring collectivises. (Brubaker 1996) To establish social cohesion for a nation building project a common identity must be established, linguistic campaigns are a powerful tool in doing this. It allows for people to bring the communities fears together by reducing embarrassment about speaking a native language.   (Webber 1991; Trueta 2008) The Catalan region in the North West of Spain during the Franco regime (1939-1975) had languages and identities supressed along with other regions. This then meant that Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, had suffered neglect. His regime created tensions in the country’s political system. It believed that Spain consists of ethnically defined identities in several regions (Bylan 2014). When democracy was restored after 1975, there had been a shift towards expressing the regional identities. The Catalan region sees itself as an independent metropolis (Mellon,2008) In history by 1898, the nationalist movements of Catalonia and the Basque country had emerged in wanting their own identity, these sources of national identity threatened the hegemonic position of Spanish nationalism (Muro 2005; Pozo Andrà ©s and Braster 1999). Basque and Catalan nationalist movements however in more recent times within Spain have unified this Spanish nationalism again (Muro 2005).   Spain is not however a formal federation it is a unitary state that has given devolving power to seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities in a system that is called the state of autonomies (Bylan 2014). This is consistent with the theory that contemporary separatism is the product of the rise in modern nationalism and that they are overcoming the previous nation building project. Today in Catalonia, the current project is to build true Catalan culture through language as this is the ultimate expression. (Illas, 2014). Catalonians also express this through rituals and festivities such as human towers (Castells) (Giner 1980). The separatist movement had been mainly led by linguistics and a traversed class with rallies in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 that have staged a transformation in separatism (Illas 2014). The modern-day disparities of the Catalan people are based upon their history. 4.0 Historical context To understand fully where Catalonia fits within the nation-building theories it is important to understand the common historical narrative within the state. Starting with the 14th century within Catalonia, there was political and economic decline, due to the successive waves of the great plague. By 1365 Catalonia has lost half a million people, and in the 15th century Barcelona had its lower ever population. (Giner 1980). During the 15th century the Catalan capital was gripped by the civil war. The maritime power that once existed there was starting to decline. (Giner 1980). Now, there was a transition from early medieval contractually to liberal societies who have more of an individualistic approach. Elliot (1963) mentions the revolt of the reappears between 1640- 1652, when the Catalan people united due to castile giving them harsh treatment. The war of succession in Spain happened between 1702 to 1714. Barcelona resisted unification and was besieged in march 1713 (Guibernau, 2000) Felipe V built a fort (the Ciutadella) so Barcelona could be watched. He banned writing and teaching in Catalan and distributed Catalonia’s possessions to great powers (Webber, 1991) This abolished Catalan rights and liberties and they were subject to regime occupation (Gibernau 2000; Gibernau 2014). The events that took place started the process of national integration and state-building within Catalonia (Moreno 1988) In the 18th century the Spanish economy was based around agriculture. The Napoleonic invasion devastated the country and lead to political instability (Patrick 2016). Catalonia made positive gains with the urban middle classes and created confidence. Barcelona was then transformed into the capital of a society that was industrialising and modernising (Webber 1991). Defeudalization was happening around this time. Spain was in the process of homogenisation under the bourbons. They forcibly generalised the Castilian law and the institutions, they were creating a modern centralised state and this was completed in 1812. (Giner,1980) The trade union movement after World War One was led by the Confederacià ³n Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) which had 80& of the cities workers. Between 1919 and 1920 there was a wave of strikes and union leaders were eliminated. Dictator General Miguel primo Rivera had conflicting views on the working-class radicalism (Giner 1980) Rivera’s repression ended in 1930, he did not successfully stop the unity in Catalonia. In 1931 the formation of a Spain’s republic this was driven by the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya. The leftist popular front in 1936 won genuine autonomy (Guibernau 2014; Illas 2014). The class system of the society at that time was a product of the successive waves of industrialisation and advances in urbanisation. (Giner 1980).   The genuine autonomy that was gained by the Catalonians was short lived as the result of the Spanish civil war between 1936-1939.After Francisco Franco’s Victory in the war he imposed a pro-fascist and militarised Spain, laying emphasize on Castile as the ‘ethnic core’ of the nation (Muro 2005). The Franco regime between 1939-1975 supressed the languages and identities of the Catalonian people (Webber 1991). During this time persecutions took place of Intellectuals and language speakers. The education system featured no Catalan and the street names were changed to Castilian Spanish (Marinzel 2014). Francoist propaganda changed the narrative of the civil war to be that of a crusade and associated leftists and anti-Spain figures as a ‘cancer’ of the nation that needed to be cured (Richards 1998) The Catalonian population increased with massive migrations from deprived areas in other parts of Spain during the 1960’s and 1970’s (Serrano 2013). During this time, Catalonian separatism was emerging again as a political opposition to the dictatorship. They rivalled in literature and the arts which moulded the Catalan identity (Muro 2005). After Franco’s death in 1975, a central part of the regional policy was to promote the Catalan language. In 1978 Catalonian was defined as a democratic state within the new Spanish constitution which had granted autonomy (Giberneau 2000). This allowed for the Catalan people to change the educational system and policies within the region. In 1975 online 60% of people in Catalonia spoke Catalan whereas in 2001, 76% of Catalonians spoke Catalan (Borgen 2010). Regional feelings for Catalan nationalism rose in the 1990s and early 2000s, with it being rated sixth amid Spanish autonomous communities (Moreno 2001). Patterns of similar relationships between identity and independence emerge (Muro 2005; Serreno 2013). 5.0 Discussion Nationalism changes all the rules; a nations existence is based upon the past experiences and it challenges historians to decide a nations existence. History however is not as clear as would believe and interpretations and narratives can be different (Marino 2002). Modern day nationalism may be overcoming the previous nation-building project. Catalonians hope to achieve this by assertion of their own culture (Illas 2014). The region has been suppression numerous times as mentioned and the clear territory and history that define it as a nation are evident (Smith 1998). In the fight for independence Catalonia is aware that that staying a part of the European union is important, as there are strong ties with Spain and the European single market. With the situation in Catalonia baring resemblance to that in Scotland and the Catalan foreign affairs minister recognises that it should too have the right to vote in a legal referendum as that would stay true to democracy and a constitution is a text that is written under certain circumstances, these circumstances can change. (The guardian 2016) Brexit in the UK isn’t good news as it questions the European project. An MP called Ciudadanos accused the separatist movement of removing the state out of the 21st century. Previously however other politicians such as Mr Fernandez would welcome an exit from the EU as he sees it as being ruled by capitalists. (The Independent 2015) The rise in separatism and the need for independence grows stronger as the Catalan government fight for responsibility for taxation and spending policy (Boylan 2015). Previous grievances have shaped Catalonia culture and the desire to return to being an autonomous region is still wanted. The Catalans may fall into Renan’s definition in 1882 of a nation â€Å"a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours† as the public polls reflect a rise of opinion of violence in the region. Arthur Mas the former president hopes that his prosecution for the illegally deemed poll will also be a cry for the cause of independence from Spain (The Financial times 2017). 6.0 Field based analysis 6.1 Methodology   Ã‚  Ã‚   6.1.1 Day 1 Observational study of landscape Figure 1: The route that was taken on the first day during the streetscape observational exercise The streetscape of Barcelona needed to be understood. A transect of the area was carried out in small groups. These groups covered different areas all meeting back at the same point at the Sagrada Familia, the route can be seen in figure 1. The results of the small groups were combined to gain a large-scale view of the area. Along this route elements that are seen to represent the Catalan conflict were taken note of. The different types of flags, graffiti, street names and political posters and murals along with anything else that could be seen to potentially represent the conflict were recorded. Within a table format the route walked was recorded along with where the observation occurred and a small discussion was help to note the implications of what we had seen. The differences in areas we walked through was noted as the route lead to a tourist area however was through mainly residential streets. 6.1.2 Day 2 Historical Narrative A guided walk through the city was undertook to identify the monuments that may commemorate previous conflicts. Along the walk the date in which the monument was erected was taken down, along with what it was and what it is commemorating. The reason behind doing this was to analyse how culture and history is remembered within Barcelona. Certain aspects of the monuments were noted such as what way the history is shown and If the monument represents one side more. To gauge an idea of the historical narrative Barcelona was trying to perceive, 3 historical sites were visited. These were the Catalan museum, El Borne centre and memorial democratic. The sites were visited to understand the story they are telling. A similar study was undertaken by Breen et al (2016), and observations were noted such as, is there anything that is not present within the museum? Is there any important messages they are trying to highlight? Is there a main language? To see whether the people within the museum either working or visiting understood its role, a semi structured interview was carried out.   The questions asked recorded their understanding of the role, if heritage plays a role in Catalan separatism and whether any part of the centre was controversial. 6.1.3 Day 3- Semi- Structured Interviews A method of semi structured interviews was carried out to collect qualitative data on the publics perceptions of important issues with Catalonia whilst gathering information about the person in question. The questions that were asked were: Are you from this neighbourhood?What is your first language?Did you vote in the last referendum?Were you happy with the outcome?Do you think Catalonia will gain independence? Do you think this will be achieved peacefully? These questions were asked to gather information on, the nationality of the person, the language in which they see to be their language, their political participation, their views about the last referendum and views on future independence for the state along with how possible violence will be. Cohen and Crabtree (2006) have shown the benefits of using semi structured interviews as you will only get to speak with that person one time. They also highlight the importance of it being undertaken by small groups as they collect the same information to show the varied opinion over a large area. The results are comparable and the results are collated. With a large sample taken the results could be representative public opinion and could be compared with polls that have been previously taken. This will show how the opinions in the region have changed over time. The route that was taken can be seen in figure 2. Figure 2:   Route taken and main stops while conducting semi structured interviews. 6.1.4 Day 4- Quantitative Data A quantitative data collection in the form of a social vulnerability survey. Social vulnerability shows which elements of society are worrying the most. The survey had a scoring system included the value 1 meaning that they strongly agree with the statement and 5 representing strongly disagree. The statements represented the social, economic, environmental and political situations along with opinions on the future of Catalonia.   This type of survey was conducted in small groups again and allowed the results to be combined and numerically represented. The triangulation of multiple methods stated within Duffy’s (1987)’s papers shows that this method gives a complete collection approach. 7.2 Observations and Results 7.2.1 Street Observational Survey From the transect that was carried out general observations were made. The city has undergone times of suppression and conflict and from the observations generalities were made as things observed could be expressions of nation-hood. Hans Christian Andersen in 1862, commented on Barcelona by saying that the city was the â€Å"Paris of Spain†. The first notable feature was that of the layout of the streets, the city consists of grand octagonal blocks. Antoni Gaudi has a huge influence on the architecture of Barcelona, with many Catalan people they associate his work with a period called Renaixenà §a, which tried to show better times (Giner 1980). He has become a symbol of the city. The Flags that were on the residential buildings held much significance to how they stood politically. The flags that presented Catalonia were mainly flown on buildings that were residential with the souvenir shops that sold the flags only stocking Catalan related items. The flags within the residential area differed, from the slogan that was upon it to whether it had a star present. They can send a political message and are used in campaigns. It is a tool in which the Catalan people are not afraid to change, with a flag holding great significance to a group of people, they are willing to alter the flag to send a strong political message (Borgen, 2010). Alongside the Catalan flag EU flags were found, this says that the Catalan people are scared that with independence come an exit from the single market. This is a strong incentive to stay within the unified state of Spain (Patrick 2016). Scotland holds close parallels in situations with Catalonia. The British government has also driven nationalism in the last referendum with the fear of leaving the European Union. The Scottish flag was observed on the transect showing the close similarities. The Catalan flags declined in numbers when leaving the residential area heading towards the centre. The buildings in the centre had more Spanish flags as these were mainly political or service providing premises such as hotels (figure 3a). The Spanish flag should be flown on a Spanish building and if that place is not meant to have a political view, then both flags would be outside of the building. Both flags were observed on hotels and tourist areas.   In some areas both flags of region and state were also seen, this shows loyalty to an area. For example, a bacelonetta flag seen in figure 3b Figure 3: (A) Spanish flag being flown outside of the Military building in Las Ramblas. (B) Barcelonetta regional flag. The street names were in Catalan with many commemorating people who have been influences from Catalan (figure 4a). The Sagrada Familia has taken a century to complete, still not being finished. The architect of the building is Antoni Gaudi; it is a statement of the Catalan culture and is the most visited place within Spain.   Throughout the streetscape we encountered political graffiti that was around the city voiced the political opinions of people within the community who wanted that message to be shown (figure 4b). Figure 4: (A) street sign with dedication to a self-acclaimed Catalonian. (B) Graffiti that reads â€Å"Anti-Fascist Area†. 7.2.2 Monuments Monuments play an important role in who society idealises as symbols of culture. Barcelona has many monuments that were observed to understand their political message for an independent Catalonia. The plaza de Torro monumental is a bull fighting ring that existed in the 20th century. The building is influences by Islamic design replicating dà ©cor from the previous 8th century invasion from north Africa. The building today has been repurposed as a museum due to the recent ban from Catalonia in 2012 for bull fighting (The guardian 2011). This is extremely important as they had ended a 600-year-old tradition within Spain, stepping away from the culture. The Universal exhibition was held in Barcelona in 1888. The triomf was to symbolise victory and national pride. The Arc links Barcelona’s medieval past with its future. Beyond the arc lies the park, with the Catalan parliament building residing within the parks grounds. The park has a Zoo and an elaborate fountain which at the time was put in place to show how advanced the people of Barcelona were. Like many other cities have done in the past, such as Paris. The Main Cascada monument is a grand project that took place for the 1888 universal exposition and a small contributor to it was Antoni Gaudi. The grand waterfall features goddesses showing idealising women and sexism that existed at that time.   A band stand within the Cuitedella Park was dedicated in 1991 to a transgender teen who was killed. This emphasized the cities progressive attitudes to social problems. The Als Voluntaris Catalan statue in the Cuitedella park is dedicated to the volunteers of the first and second war. The monument was subject to violations during the Franco regime with its arms being cut off in 1952. The internal flame (Fossar de les Moreres) was observed within in gothic quarter and is a contested symbolism, as it is seen to be site of the graveyard for the fallen during the siege of Barcelona in 1714. This site for Catalonians is a reminder of the homage. On the 11th of September (ladeada) people gather to this space to remember the battle. The symbolism is contested but it is used to further the nation building project. 7.2.3 Museum overview To understand the historical narrative that was being projected upon the Catalan people, three institutions were visited to understand how they were representing the history of their culture. The first site visited was the Christopher Columbus statue. This statue was erected for the Universal expedition in Barcelona in 1888. Groups of anti-capitalist councillor in Barcelona however said that the city â€Å"should not be celebrating the explorers’ colonial legacy† (The Guardian 2016). The emphasises the Catalonians feelings toward colonialization and suppression. The second Museum that was visited was the Catalan museum, the levelled institution has 3 floors which displayed a different time within Catalan history, from the bottom floor up it contained the history from the roman times to the top flow having recent achievements from the 21st century. An observation made was the fact that within the Catalan museum the paint on the walls were red and black, the colours of the anarchists. This may not have been intentional but could be a subliminal message as within the museum the Catalan culture was celebrated. Franco is not liked within the museum. From the semi, structured interviews conducted a worker of the museum stated that Spanish people will say that the museum is a lie, however the intended audience is the Catalan people and the international community. A museum worker was quoted in saying that the museum â€Å"celebrated† his heritage and that it has influence in the separatist movement. Sympathetic language was used within the Catalan museum a phrase observed in the Franco dictatorship section said ‘the unmistakable aim of Francoism was to strip Catalonia of its nationhood’ strong language was focused upon within the museum. Descriptive words were mentioned in nearly every time that contained suppression of Catalonia’s identity. Another example of this read in the museum was â€Å"language was a slow and uneven process†. The Catalonian history is showing the notion of separatism by identifying themselves as different from the Spanish, A person at the museum was quoting in saying that the Spanish â€Å"believe that this is all made up† showing Spain’s undeniable unwillingness to accept Catalonia as a nation. Whereas museums are understood to be some of the key places that deliver the message of what a nation is (Ashworth et al 2007) The el born centre showcases the streetscape within Barcelona during the 18th century. This streetscape represents Barcelona in a time when they had independence from Spain, the archaeologists could have kept excavating and gotten to a roman street. They stopped on purpose to give a utopian image of a time of independence when it was a vibrant multicultural marketing town. This gave the visualisation that there were greenspaces with music and food in the once internationally trading town. This is a clear political message of culture and heritage used at the El Borne (Breen at al 2016) It has been argued that the visitor of a museum will connect to the personal account of the narrative that is being told (Fladmark 2015). People had been quoted in saying that the centre had been â€Å"controversial†. An exhibition was spoken about that featured Franco and his dictatorship, the Exhibition was meant to last for a couple of months however it took the Catalan 4 days from when it started to have it removed. The hostility and want to forget the dark period of Franco’s dictatorship is evident in their actions. The importance of these institutions is to promote culture. These centres could be understood to b a part of the nation-building narrative which are in line with the core set of grievances that are within Catalonia (Breen at al 2016) 7.2.4 Grievances Catalonia has a key set of grievances towards the Spanish state shown in Figure 5. A few of these issues are going to be discussed. Figure 5- grievance model visually showing the key set of grievances within Catalonia. A key issue in the region is how the money that the state produce is used. Economically Catalonian has had historical grievances with the state, first starting with the Catalan bourgeois and modern industrialisation in the 19th century. Spain believe that Catalonia are â€Å"financial parasites† that don’t provide enough for Spain. Catalonia today has a fiscal deficit of 9.76%, this is highest taxed region in Europe. The people of Catalonia feel exploited as they cannot control their own funding when new services are needed within the state. Barcelona is the most visited region within Spain. The media and television play a large part in left and right wing narratives. A nation state emphasize political views this way. Gellner stressed the importance of communication in societies, the power to control the media modifies culture and is necessary for the homogenisation of the state. (Gellner 1983) Sport is an important cultural event for Catalan people. The Barcelona football club during Francoism was a representation of the Catalan nationalism and resistance against the dictatorship (Giberneau 2000) Sport is a powerful means of expressing identity (Trueta 2008). At the 17th minute and 14th second, the crowd will stand and shout ‘Independence’ as this date is representative of the last year they were an autonomous state. Language is important when expressing culture and the use of a language can indicate your current feelings politically (Woolard 1984). The Catalan language as mentioned through the report has been supressed, driving the need for the language to be expressed and recognised internationally. 7.2.5 Survey results A qualitative survey method was undertaken to test the hypothesis of will Catalonia resort to violence to gain independence. The results of the surveys are below (Table 1) Table 1: Combined group results of qualitative survey. Table 1: Combined group results of qualitative survey. The results obtained from the combined groups matches those gathered from the Catalan government in their recent poll. With the representative sample size and closely comparable results the figures gathered are reliable. The survey was conducted in English however the fluency in Catalan and birthplace determined majorly their identity (Webber 1991) which would be closely linked with how they would feel about independence. The difference in percentage between the two opposing opinions (independence vs no independence) is not that high. The surprising figure is that of violence, with many key events happening in the last 12 months such as the arrest of Arthur Mas, change would be assumed. Triggers such as that would provoke a sense of undermining and this may increase the likely hood of violence. Historically within Catatonia has had such events. Figure 6 shows an ice berg model, which is a visual representation of some key events in Catalan history. From the results obtained the mediation stage was considered as the point of conflict Catalonia as both sides have not yet concluded what they want. Figure 6: Key moments in recent Catalan history that has led to a rise in separatism within the state, key events are symbolled.    5.2.6 Social Vulnerability Survey These results are those obtained from quantitative surveys (figure 7). The total number of respondents was 139. Figure 7: Social vulnerability pentagon, highlighting main worries. The closer the result is to the centre the more of an issue they feel as though it is. With the survey showing that people are worried about the governance, environment and future threats gives an idea of the key grievances today. The economy is not a worrying factor as there has been on the rise since 2008 after the recession. The social aspects of life are not worrying factors in society. In regards to the environment, water is not evenly dispersed across the region. The summer months also bring a lot of pollution as tourists leave litter, which was pointed out by a shop keeper during an interview. 5.3 Conclusion To conclude, Catalonia has been experiencing separatism for many generations. The conflict so far within the state has remaining non-violent however this figure could change. The rise in percentage of people who believe violence will start echoes the increasing political tensions however 15% is not enough to accept the hypothesis stated as 85% do not believe there will be a need to resort to violence. The politicians are becoming impatient waiting on a referendum when other democratic places such as Scotland have been allowed to do so, with them not being allowed it feels as though the Franco influences have not yet disappeared. This is reflected on the social vulnerability results with governance scoring low. 5.4 Recommendations The key recommendations for peace within the region are: Allowing the Catalan government, the ability to reinvest the budget which will help in improving infrastructure. The media needs to have an unbiased opinion. Fiscal deficit needs improved and there’s a lot of tension towards Spain and the uneven taxingGentrification of city centre, leaving the city centre inhabitable by people who would be working in the city. 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AQM: A Mechanism of Congestion Control in Networks AQM: A Mechanism of Congestion Control in Networks Saira Saeed, Bilal Shams, Abstract: Congestion in the network occurs when node or link carries so much data that its quality of service downgrade. Active queue management is the most well-known algorithm to control congestion in the network. This paper discussed some of the queue length based and load based algorithms in AQM, we also highlighted its pros and cons. Keyword: congestion, Active queue management 1. Introduction: Congestion can take place at sensors that receive more data than its maximum forwarding rate. These consequences in long delay in data delivery and wasting of resources due to lost or dropped packets. When congestion occurs in network the Quality of service will disturb which is an important feature in sending data from node to another. When buffer overflow the packet drops so it would increase the energy consumptions of a sensor as the packets need to be retransmitted. Higher packet drops will also reduce the throughput of the data. Some multimedia data such as voice and video are critical to time delay [1]. Thus, congestion needs to be controlled to ensure that the end-to-end delay is also minimized. 2. Active queue management (AQM) The role of Active Queue Management (AQM) in IP networks was to balance the work of end-system protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in congestion control hence to enlarge network utilization, and limit packet loss and delay.[2] AQM is a scheme which shares bandwidth fairly and control congestion over the routers/internet. According to the congestion metric active queue management has classified in to queue length based, load based and queue length and load based. Fig.2. Classification of AQM scheme. [3] Congestion is observed by average queue length in queue based schemes, and the control aspires to stabilize the queue length. The downside of queue based scheme is that a backlog is inherently required. Load based schemes precisely predict the utilization of the link, and determine congestion and take actions based on the packet arrival rate. Rate-based schemes can grant Early feedback for congestion. The goals of the load based AQMs are to alleviate rate mismatch between enqueue and dequeue, and achieve low loss, low delay and high link utilization. The third AQM scheme is the combination of load based and queue length which measure congestion and get a tradeoff between queues stability and responsiveness. [3] In this paper we just discussed the queue length based and load based briefly. 3. AQMs Based On Queue Length Merit. 3.1. Random Early Detection (RED). The main objectives of RED is to minimize packet loss and queuing delay, avoid global synchronization of sources, maintain high link utilization, and remove biases against bursty flows. RED avoids congestion early and delivers congestion notification to the end source and allows them to reduce the transmission rate before overflow occurs. To reduce the delay of flows RED keeps the queue size full. RED maintains an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) of the queue length which is used to detect incipient congestion. When average queue length greater than min threshold, packets are randomly dropped or marked with explicitly congestion notification (ECN). [4][5] When average queue length greater max threshold all packets are dropped or marked. Fig.3. RED algorithm [3] 3.2. FRED (Fair random early detection) FRED is modified version of RED therefore it reduces the unfairness of RED. Inside the internet route FRED maintains state information for every flow. When different types of traffic shares one link, RED allows unfair bandwidth sharing because RED does not take the bandwidth utilization of the flow into account when dropping packets. The author proposes FRED as solution. The main objective of fair random flow is to provide different strategies of dropping to different kind of flows. Flows that take more bandwidth shall be isolated where as low speed and bursty flows should be protected and safe from dropping. [survey2]FRED maintains queue size of per flow and drops packets conditionally comparing per flow queue size with average per flow queue. Fig.4. FRED Algorithm [4] 3.3. CHOKE (Choose and Keep for responsive flows, Choose and Kill for unresponsive flows) In the CHOKE algorithm a packet is drawn randomly from FIFO buffer whenever a new packet arrived at congestion router. This packet is compared with newly arriving packet. Both packets are dropped if it belongs to the same flow, otherwise the new incoming packet is confessed into the buffer with a probability that depends on the level of congestion and the randomly chosen packet is kept intact. CHOKE is simplest and stateless algorithm which does not provide any special data structure. However when the number of flows is large compared to the buffer space than this algorithm performance is not well. [6] Fig.5. CHOKE algorithm 4. AQM on load based. 4.1. BLUE: A New Class of Active Queue Management Algorithms. RED queue length gives very little information about the number of competing connections in a shared link. BLUE overcome the drawbacks of RED by using packet loss and link idle events for protecting TCP flows against non-responsive flows. [1] BLUE, basically is a different active queue management algorithm which uses packet loss and link utilization history to manage congestion. BLUE keep up a single probability, which it uses to mark or drop packets when they are queued. If the queue is frequently dropping packets due to buffer overflow, BLUE increments the marking probability, therefore increasing the rate at which it sends back congestion notification. On the other hand, if the queue becomes empty or if the link is idle, BLUE decreases its marking probability. The main purpose of using BLUE is that congestion control can be performed with a least amount of buffer size. Other algorithms like RED need a large buffer size to attain the same goal. [7] Fig.6. BLUE Algorithm. 4.2. SFED: Selective Fair Early Detection Selective fair early detection is an easy to implement rate control based AQM discipline which can be joined with any scheduling discipline. It maintains a token bucket for every flow or comprehensive flows. The token filling rates are in proportion to the allowable bandwidths. The tokens are removed from the corresponding bucket whenever a packet is enqueued. The decision to enqueue or drop a packet of any flow depends on the occupancy of its bucket at that time. A sending rate higher than the permitted bandwidth results in low bucket occupancy and so a larger drop probability thus indicating the onset of congestion at the gateway. This ensures the adaptive flow to attain a steady state and prevents it from getting penalized severely. However non-adaptive flows will continue to send at the same rate and thus will suffer more losses. The rate at which the tokens are removed from bucket of a flow is equal to the rate of incoming packets of that flow, but the rate of addition of tokens in a bucket depends on its permitted share of bandwidth and not on the rate at which packets of that particular flow are dequeued. In this way token bucket controls the bandwidth consumed by a flow.[8]. 4.3. FABA: Fair adaptive bandwidth allocation: FABA is the extension of SFED and can be coupled with any simplest scheduling discipline like FCFS first in first served). FABA has many objectives like It allocates fair bandwidth amongst flows. It can avoid congestion by early detection and notification, It has low implementation complexity. Easy extension to provide differentiated services. FABA deals with both adaptive and non-adaptive traffic while providing incentive for flows to incorporate end-to end congestion control. It uses a rate control based mechanism to achieve fairness amongst flows at a router. [9] As in random early detection (RED), congestion is detected early and notified to the source. Table.1. Strength and Weakness of AQM Algorisms. It had any scheduling discipline FABA Very high complexity, computation. 6. Conclusion: In this paper we have state the term AQM and its algorithms. We have highlighted some of queue length based and queue based algorithm with its strength and weakness. References: [1] husna zainol abidin , yuslinda wati mohamad yusof,saiful izwan suliman,† network using fairness bandwidth allocation. â€Å"october 2008. [2] richelle adams, â€Å"active queue management: a survey†, ieee communications surveys tutorials, vol. 15, no. 3, third quarter 2013 [3] c.dhivya1, e.george dharma prakash raj2,† survey on load based aqm algorithms†, vol.1.issue.2.;2013 [4],Ningning Hu, Liu Ren ([emailprotected]) Jichuan Chang, â€Å"Evaluation of Queue Management Algorithms†, Course Project Report for 15-744 Computer Networks [5] dive et al.. â€Å"Classification and Performance of AQM-Based Schemes for Congestion Avoidance† (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,Vol. 8, No. 1, 2010 [6] CHOKE,a statless queue management scheme for approximating bandwidth allocation. [7] BLUE: A New Class of Active Queue Management Algorithms, Shiny Department of EECS zNetwork Systems Department University of Michigan IBM T.J. Watson Research Center [8]Wu-chang Fengy Dilip D. Kandlurz Debanjan y Sahaz Kang G.†SFED: A Rate Control Based Active Queue Management†. IBM India Research Laboratory, New Delhi, India Block 1, Indian Institute of Technology, [9]Abhinav Kamra a,1, Huzur Saran a, Sandeep Sen a, Rajeev Shorey.† Fair adaptive bandwidth allocation: a rate control based active queue management discipline†. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. July 2003